tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-329366842011-07-29T16:02:34.322-12:00atas nama NARSIS, di sini loe-loe semua akan mengetahui segala seluk beluk tentang gw!!!!Sanggar Altar Ciputatnoreply@blogger.comBlogger41100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32936684.post-1155896887077374852006-08-17T22:19:00.000-12:002006-08-17T22:45:17.570-12:00<div style="text-align: center; font-family: trebuchet ms;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1852/1046/1600/tan%20malaka.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1852/1046/320/tan%20malaka.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a> <span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-style: italic;">Tan Malaka</span></span></span><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0); font-weight: bold;">the lost boy</span></span><br /><br /> <p><b>Tan Malaka</b> (1896/1897–c. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">February 19</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>) was an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> activist and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> leader. A staunch critic of both the colonial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> government and the republican <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> administration that governed the country after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a>, he was also frequently in conflict with the leadership of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a> (PKI), Indonesia's primary radical political party in the 1920s and again in the 1940s.</p> <p>A political outsider for most of his life, Tan Malaka spent a large part of his life in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> from <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, and was constantly threatened with arrest by the Dutch authorities and their allies. Despite this apparent marginalization, however, he played a key intellectual role in linking the international communist movement to <st1:place>Southeast Asia</st1:place>'s anti-colonial movements. He was declared a "hero of the national revolution" by act of <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>'s parliament in 1963.</p> <h2 style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:100%;">biography</span></h2><span style="font-weight: bold;">early life and education</span><br /> <h3><a name="Early_life_and_education"></a></h3> <p>A member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau" title="Minangkabau">Minangkabau</a> ethnic group, Tan Malaka was born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suliki&action=edit" title="Suliki">Suliki</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a> in 1896 or 1897; his exact birthdate is unknown. His given name was <b>Datuk Ibrahim gelar Sutan Malaka</b>, but he was known both as a child and as an adult as Tan Malaka, an honorary name inherited from his mother's aristocratic background.</p> <p>From 1908 to 1913 he attended a teacher training school established by the Dutch colonial government in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukittinggi" title="Bukittinggi">Bukittinggi</a>, the intellectual center of Minangkabau culture. Here he began to learn the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a>, which he was to teach to Indonesian students. In 1913 he received a loan from the elders of his home village to pursue further education in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and from then until 1919 he studied at the <st1:place><st1:placename>Government</st1:placename> <st1:placename>Teachers</st1:placename> <st1:placetype>Training School</st1:placetype></st1:place> (<i>Rijkskweekschool</i>) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>.</p> <p>It was during this stay in <st1:place>Europe</st1:place> that he began to study communist and socialist theory, and through interaction with both Dutch and Indonesian students became convinced that <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> must be freed from Dutch rule through revolution. In his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a> Tan Malaka cited the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a> as a political awakening, increasing his understanding of links between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a> oppression.</p> <p>He became seriously ill with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> in the <st1:country-region><st1:place>Netherlands</st1:place></st1:country-region>, which he attributed to the cold climate and unfamiliar diet. This was the beginning of lifelong health problems that frequently interfered with his work.</p> <p><span style="font-weight: bold;">rise in comunist party</span><br /></p> <h3><a name="Rise_in_the_communist_party"></a></h3> <p>His studies in the <st1:country-region><st1:place>Netherlands</st1:place></st1:country-region> completed, Tan Malaka returned to <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> in November 1919. He took a job teaching the children of contract <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">coolies</a> on a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a>- and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a>-owned <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> plantation on the northern east coast of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>. During his stay in <st1:place>Sumatra</st1:place>, he first started working with the Indies Social Democratic Association (ISDV), which later became the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a> (PKI), and published his first articles in the ISDV newspaper. Tan Malaka came into frequent conflict with the European management of the plantation over the content of his lessons for the students, the liberal political columns he wrote for local newspapers, and his work as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_union" title="Labor union">labor union</a> activist, especially in a 1920 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> of railroad workers.</p> <p>Frustrated by his position in <st1:place>Sumatra</st1:place>, he left for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28island%29" title="Java (island)">Java</a> in late February 1920. He stayed initially in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> but soon moved to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a> after being asked to set up a "People's School" for the nationalist organization <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarekat_Islam" title="Sarekat Islam">Sarekat Islam</a> (SI). This school, which was later duplicated in many other cities on Java, was intended by SI to provide a useful education while instilling nationalist pride in its students.</p> <p><st1:city><st1:place>Semarang</st1:place></st1:city> during Tan Malaka's stay there was a major center of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> and communist politics, and he quickly became deeply engaged in political work there. He held leadership roles in several trade unions, and wrote extensively for several trade union and PKI publications. His most prominent leadership role came in December 1921, when he was elected chairman of the PKI, replacing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaun" title="Semaun">Semaun</a>, the party's first chairman. During his brief term of leadership, the PKI worked to create links with trade unions by supporting workers during several strikes.</p> <p>Tan Malaka's prominent role in the PKI was viewed by the colonial government as subversive activity. He was arrested in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> by the colonial government in February 1922, and on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> he was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exiled</a> to the <st1:country-region><st1:place>Netherlands</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<br /></p> <p><span style="font-weight: bold;">exile</span><br /></p> <h3><a name="Exile"></a></h3> <p>One of Tan Malaka's first actions upon his arrival in the <st1:country-region><st1:place>Netherlands</st1:place></st1:country-region> was to run as the third candidate on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Netherlands" title="Communist Party of the Netherlands">Communist Party of Holland</a>'s (CPH) slate for the 1922 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliamentary</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election" title="Election">elections</a>. He was the first subject of the <st1:place>Dutch East Indies</st1:place> ever to run for office in the <st1:country-region><st1:place>Netherlands</st1:place></st1:country-region>. He did not expect to actually be elected because, under the system of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> in use, his third position on the ticket made his election highly unlikely. His stated goal in running instead was to gain a platform to speak about Dutch actions in <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, and to work to persuade the CPH to support Indonesian independence. Although he did not win a seat, he received unexpectedly strong support.<span class="reference">^{<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_tanmalaka1991v1pg87" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_tanmalaka1991v1pg87">[1]</a>}</span></p> <p>Before the election results were even announced, Tan Malaka moved to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> for several months, then on to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> by October 1922. Here, he became deeply involved with the politics of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> (Comintern), arguing vigorously that the communist parties of <st1:place>Europe</st1:place> should support the nationalist struggles of colonial <st1:place>Asia</st1:place>. He was named Comintern's agent for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, probably at the Comintern Executive Committee's June 1923 meeting. One of his first tasks was to write a book about <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, describing the country's politics and economy for the Comintern; this book was published in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> in 1924.</p> <p>With his Comintern assignment in hand, he moved in December 1923 to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Tan Malaka's job included publishing a newspaper in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, a task which proved difficult because he knew little of the language, and printing presses for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_alphabet" title="Roman alphabet">Roman alphabet</a> were difficult to find.</p> <p>In July 1925 Tan Malaka moved to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, where he found work at a newspaper. At the time the PKI was taking steps toward an outright rebellion in <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> intended to bring it to power, but that would instead lead to its temporary defeat by the colonial government. Tan Malaka was strongly opposed to this action, which he felt was a poor strategy for a weak party unprepared for revolution. He described in his autobiography his frustration with an inability to find information about events in <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> from his place in the <st1:country-region><st1:place>Philippines</st1:place></st1:country-region>, and his lack of influence with the PKI's leadership. As Comintern representative for <st1:place>Southeast Asia</st1:place>, Tan Malaka argued that he had authority to reject the PKI's plan, an assertion which was denied by some former PKI members in retrospect.<span class="reference">^{<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_mcvey1965p206" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_mcvey1965p206">[2]</a>}</span> At the time, he did persuade some PKI leaders in the country that an armed rebellion was not in the party's best interest, but PKI groups in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a> did go ahead with an armed insurrection, which the Dutch government used as a pretense for vigorous suppression of the party, including the execution of several leaders.</p> <p>Meanwhile, in December 1926, Tan Malaka traveled to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>. Here he founded a new party, the Partai Republik Indonesia (PARI), distancing himself from the Comintern as well as, in the new party's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a>, criticizing the PKI. While PARI did have a small membership inside the country, it never grew to be a large organization; however, with the PKI gone underground, it was the only organization in the late 1920s that was publicly calling for immediate independence for <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<span class="reference">^{<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_jarvis1987p49" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_jarvis1987p49">[3]</a>}</span> Tan Malaka returned to <st1:city><st1:place>Manila</st1:place></st1:city> in August 1927, but was soon arrested by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> police at the request of the Dutch. He was charged with illegal entry into the <st1:country-region><st1:place>Philippines</st1:place></st1:country-region>; his case became a rallying point for nationalist sentiment in the <st1:country-region><st1:place>Philippines</st1:place></st1:country-region>, where universities went on strike in protest, and Filipino politicians collected funds for his defense. He was to be represented by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Abad_Santos" title="Jose Abad Santos">Jose Abad Santos</a>, but instead of going to trial he agreed to be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deported</a>.</p> <p>Upon leaving the Philippines by ship, he expected to be re-arrested by the Dutch as soon as he landed in China, so with help from the Filipino crew he escaped while the ship was moored in the harbor of Amoy (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>), hiding in a nearby village. The details of the next few years of his life are unclear; there is a major gap in his autobiography in this period, and few other sources that describe his activities. After staying in Sionching village for perhaps two years, he moved to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> in about 1929. In 1931 he began working for the Comintern again. Abidin Kusno argues that this stay in Shanghai was an important period in shaping Tan Malaka's later actions during the Indonesian revolution of the late 1940s; the port city was nominally under Chinese <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> but was dominated first by European nations with trading concessions in the city, and then by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> after its September 1932 invasion. The oppression of the Chinese he saw under both of these powers, Kusno argues, contributed to his uncompromising position against collaboration with the Japanese or negotiation with the Dutch in the 1940s, when many prominent Indonesian nationalists were adopting a more conciliatory stance.<span class="reference">^{<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_kusno2003" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_kusno2003">[4]</a>}</span></p> <p>When <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> invaded and occupied <st1:city><st1:place>Shanghai</st1:place></st1:city> in September 1932, Tan Malaka fled south to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, disguised as a Chinese-Filipino and using an alias. Almost immediately upon his arrival, however, he was arrested by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> authorities, and imprisoned for several months. He hoped to have a chance to argue his case under British law, and possibly seek asylum in the <st1:country-region><st1:place>United Kingdom</st1:place></st1:country-region>, but after several months of interrogation and being moved between the "European" and the "Chinese" sections of the jail, it was decided that he would simply be exiled from <st1:place>Hong Kong</st1:place> without charges. <span class="reference">^{<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_tanmalaka1991v2c2" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_tanmalaka1991v2c2">[5]</a>}</span></p> <p>After considering several options for a place of exile where he would be out of reach of the Dutch, Tan Malaka elected to return to <st1:place>Amoy</st1:place>, where he reconnected with an old friend and was able to reach the friend's <st1:place><st1:placetype>village</st1:placetype> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iwe&action=edit" title="Iwe">Iwe</a></st1:place> without detection. Here, his health, weak for several years, declined greatly, and he was ill for several years before <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_medicine" title="Chinese medicine">Chinese medicine</a> treatments eventually restored him to health. In 1936 he returned to <st1:place>Amoy</st1:place>, and started a school where he taught <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> theory; by 1937 it was the largest language school in <st1:place>Amoy</st1:place>.</p> <p>In August 1937 he again fled the Japanese military advance to the south, traveling first to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangoon" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> for a month, then, his savings nearly depleted, returning south to <st1:country-region><st1:place>Singapore</st1:place></st1:country-region> via <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>. In <st1:country-region><st1:place>Singapore</st1:place></st1:country-region>, he found work as a teacher. When <st1:country-region><st1:place>Japan</st1:place></st1:country-region> occupied the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_peninsula" title="Malay peninsula">Malay peninsula</a> and drove the Dutch out of <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> in 1942, Tan Malaka decided to finally return to <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> after an absence of nearly twenty years.<br /></p> <p><span style="font-weight: bold;">return to indonesia</span><br /></p> <h3><a name="Return_to_Indonesia"></a><st1:country-region><st1:place></st1:place></st1:country-region></h3> <p>Tan Malaka's return to Indonesia began with a lengthy trip of several months, staying for a time in Penang before crossing to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, then visiting <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan%2C_Indonesia" title="Medan, Indonesia">Medan</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a>, and several other Sumatran cities before settling on the outskirts of Japanese-occupied <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> in July 1942. Most of his time here was occupied by writing and research in <st1:city><st1:place>Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>'s libraries, working on his books <i>Madilog</i> and <i>ASLIA</i>.</p> <p>When his savings from <st1:country-region><st1:place>Singapore</st1:place></st1:country-region> were nearly depleted, he took a job as a clerk at a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mine" title="Coal mine">coal mine</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayah&action=edit" title="Bayah">Bayah</a>, southern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>, where production was being greatly increased under Japanese management to support the war effort. At Bayah, he maintained records on the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romusha" title="Romusha">romusha</a></i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labor" title="Forced labor">forced laborers</a> who were sent from all over Java to work the mine and build <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway" title="Railway">railways</a>. In addition to his official job, he worked to improve conditions for the laborers, among whom the death toll from sickness and starvation was very high.<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">role in the revolution</span><br /></span></p> <h3><a name="Role_in_the_revolution"></a></h3> <p>In August 1945, after the Japanese surrender which ended <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Indonesian Declaration of Independence">Indonesian Declaration of Independence</a>, Tan Malaka left Bayah, and resumed using his real name for the first time in twenty years. He travelled first to <st1:city><st1:place>Jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>, then widely around Java. During this trip he became convinced that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Mohammad Hatta</a>, who had made the declaration of independence and were considered the leaders of <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> by the departing Japanese, were being too conciliatory toward Dutch attempts to regain control over the archipelago. In his autobiography, he expresses confidence that most Indonesian people were willing to fight for immediate complete independence, a position not supported by Sukarno, especially during the early years of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a>.</p> <p>Tan Malaka's solution to this perceived disconnect was to found the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persatuan_Perjuangan&action=edit" title="Persatuan Perjuangan">Persatuan Perjuangan</a></i> (<i>Struggle Front</i>, or <i>United Action</i>), a coalition of about 140 smaller groups, but notably not including the PKI. After a few months of discussion, the coalition was formally founded at a congress in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a> (Solo) in mid-January, 1946. It adopted a "Minimum Program," which declared that only complete independence was acceptable, that government must obey the wishes of the people, and that foreign-owned plantations and industry should be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalised</a>.<span class="reference">^{<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_tanmalaka1991v3c11" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_tanmalaka1991v3c11">[6]</a>}</span> Tan Malaka argued that the government should not negotiate with the Dutch until after all foreign military forces were removed from <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, because until then the two parties could not negotiate as equals.</p> <p>The Persatuan Perjuangan had widespread popular support, as well as support in the republican army, where General <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudirman" title="Sudirman">Sudirman</a> was a strong supporter of the coalition Tan Malaka was organizing. In February 1946 the organization forced the temporary resignation of Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir" title="Sutan Sjahrir">Sutan Sjahrir</a>, a proponent of negotiation with the Dutch, and Sukarno consulted with Tan Malaka to seek his support. However, Tan Malaka was apparently unable to bridge political divisions within his coalition to transform it into actual political control, and Syahrir returned to lead Sukarno's cabinet.<span class="reference">^{<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_kahin1952p174" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_kahin1952p174">[7]</a>}</span> In response to this defeat, the Persatuan Perjuangan clearly stated their lack of support for the republican government as it was composed, and the group's intent to oppose any negotiation.<span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: bold;">imprisonment, release and death<br /></span></p> <h3><a name="Imprisonment.2C_release.2C_and_death"></a></h3> <p>In response to the Persatuan Perjuangan's continued opposition, the Sukarno government arrested most of the coalition's leadership, including Tan Malaka, in March 1946. He remained in jail until September 1948.</p> <p>During his detention, the PKI emerged as the strongest critic of the government's diplomatic stance. The translator of his autobigraphy, Helen Jarvis, has argued that Tan Malaka and the rest of the Persatuan Perjuangan leaders were released to provide a less threatening opposition than the PKI.<span class="reference">^{<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_jarvis1987p52" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_jarvis1987p52">[8]</a>}</span> By now, Tan Malaka and the PKI were thoroughly estranged; he was hated within the party for his harsh criticisms of the 1920s, and he distrusted the strategic judgement of the current PKI leaders.</p> <p>Upon his release, he spent late 1948 in <st1:place>Yogyakarta</st1:place>, working to form a new political party, called the <i>Partai Murba</i> (Proletarian Party), but was unable to repeat his previous success at attracting a popular following. When the Dutch captured the national government in December 1948, he fled the city for rural <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, where he hoped he would be protected by anti-republican <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> forces. However, he was captured by republican forces and promptly executed, on or about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">February 19</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>.<br /></p> <p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">political beliefs</span><br /></p> <h2><a name="Political_beliefs"></a></h2> <p>Tan Malaka believed that the growth of communist parties was compatible with, and even essential to, the strength of the many nationalist movements then appearing in the colonies of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. In the mid-1920s, this position was the subject of much debate within the Comintern and elsewhere. Within the communist leadership there was much skepticism, expressed most prominently by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> communist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a>, of the potential of the non-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialization" title="Industrialization">industrialized</a> nations of Asia to successfully govern themselves, as well as concern for the impact such decolonization might have on the working classes of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_nation&action=edit" title="Metropolitan nation">metropolitan nations</a> of Europe.<br /></p> <p><span style="font-weight: bold;">marxism and religion</span><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a name="Marxism_and_religion"></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p>Tan Malaka argued strongly that communism and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> were compatible, and that, in <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, revolution should be built upon both. Thus he was a strong supporter of the PKI's continued alliance with Sarekat Islam, and was troubled when, while he was in exile, the PKI broke away from SI. On an international scale, Tan Malaka also saw Islam as holding the potential for unifying the working classes in vast parts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. This position put him in opposition with many European Communists and the leadership of Comintern, where religious belief was seen as a hindrance to a proletarian revolution and a tool of the ruling class.<span class="reference">^{<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_jarvis1987p44" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_jarvis1987p44">[9]</a><br />}</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: bold;">regional unity</span><br /><span class="reference">^<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3><a name="Regional_unity"></a></h3> <p>In several publications, including 1926's <st1:city><st1:place><i>Massa</i></st1:place></st1:city><i> actie</i> and 1946's <i>Thesis</i>, Tan Malaka advocated the formation of a large regional state, which he called <i>Aslia</i>, to encompass all the islands of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and much of mainland <st1:place>Southeast Asia</st1:place>. This state, he argued, would then be able to coexist as an equal with other large socialist states including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. On a smaller geographical scale, he drew lessons for <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>' battles for independence against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and in his autobiography he described <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> and the <st1:country-region><st1:place>Philippines</st1:place></st1:country-region> as the southern and northern parts of the same region.<br /></p> <p><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">from jail to jail</span><br /></p> <h2><a name="From_Jail_to_Jail"></a></h2> <p>Tan Malaka's best-known written work is his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a>, <i>Dari Pendjara ke Pendjara</i>. He wrote the three-volume work by hand while imprisoned by the republican Sukarno government in 1947 and 1948. The work alternates between theoretical chapters describing Tan Malaka's political beliefs and philosophy, and more conventional autobiographical chapters describing various phases of his life. Volume three has an especially loose narrative structure, with commentary on Marxist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> and his positions on the ongoing fight with the <st1:country-region><st1:place>Netherlands</st1:place></st1:country-region> over <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>'s independence, as well as reprints of sections of key documents related to the struggle. <i>Dari Pendjara ke Pendjara</i> is one of a very small number of autobiographies set in colonial <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<span class="reference">^{<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_watson2000" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#endnote_watson2000">[10]</a>}</span></p> <p>The book was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translated</a> into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> by historian Helen Jarvis as <i>From Jail to Jail</i>, and published in 1991 with Jarvis' extensive introduction and annotation. A Japanese translation, by Noriaki Oshikawa, was published in 1981.</p> <div style="text-align: right;"> <h3 style="font-style: italic; text-align: right;"><font><span style="font-size:85%;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></span></h3><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></div><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><a name="Notes"></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:78%;" >Notes</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><ol style="text-align: justify;" start="1" type="1"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> <li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:78%;"><cite><span style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#ref_tanmalaka1991v1pg87" title=""><b>↑</b></a></span></cite> Tan Malaka 1991. volume 1 page 87.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:78%;"><cite><span style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#ref_mcvey1965p206" title=""><b>↑</b></a></span></cite> McVey 1965:206</span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:78%;"><cite><span style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#ref_jarvis1987p49" title=""><b>↑</b></a></span></cite> Jarvis 1987:49. This paper is the source for much of the biographical information not otherwise cited.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:78%;"><cite><span style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#ref_kusno_2003" title=""><b>↑</b></a></span></cite> Kusno 2003.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:78%;"><cite><span style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#ref_tanmalaka1991v2c2" title=""><b>↑</b></a></span></cite> Tan Malaka 1991 volume 2 pages 33-52; Jarvis 1987: 50.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:78%;"><cite><span style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#ref_tanmalaka1991v3c11" title=""><b>↑</b></a></span></cite> Tan Malaka 1991 volume 3 pages 109-119.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:78%;"><cite><span style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#ref_kahin1952p174" title=""><b>↑</b></a></span></cite> Kahin 1952:174-176, Jarvis 1987:52.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:78%;"><cite><span style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#ref_jarvis1987p52" title=""><b>↑</b></a></span></cite> Jarvis 1987:52.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:78%;"><cite><span style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#ref_jarvis1987p44" title=""><b>↑</b></a></span></cite> Jarvis 1987:44.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:78%;"><cite><span style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Malaka#ref_watson2000" title=""><b>↑</b></a></span></cite> Watson 2000.</span></li> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></ol><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font> 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</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:78%;"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font></span><font></span><font></span></span></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><a name="References"></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">References</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h2><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font> 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style="text-align: justify;"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font></span><font></span></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font> 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</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><ul style="text-align: justify;" type="disc"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font></span><font></span></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font> </span><li class="MsoNormal"><br /></li><span style="font-size:78%;">Jarvis, Helen. (1987) Tan Malaka: revolutionary or renegade? </span><i>Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars</i> 19(1):41-55.<li class="MsoNormal"><br /></li><span style="font-size:78%;">Kahin, George McT. (1952) </span><i>Nationalism and revolution in </i><st1:country-region></st1:country-region><st1:place></st1:place><i>Indonesia</i>. <st1:place></st1:place><st1:city>Ithaca</st1:city>, <st1:state>NY</st1:state>: <st1:place></st1:place><st1:placename>Cornell</st1:placename> <st1:placetype>University</st1:placetype> Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0801491088">ISBN 0-8014-9108-8</a>.<li class="MsoNormal"><br /></li><span style="font-size:78%;">Kusno, Abidin. (2003) From city to city: Tan Malaka, </span><st1:city></st1:city><st1:place>Shanghai</st1:place>, and the politics of geographical imagining. <st1:country-region></st1:country-region><st1:place></st1:place><i>Singapore</i><i> Journal of Tropical Geography</i> 24(3):327-339.<li class="MsoNormal"><br /></li><span style="font-size:78%;">McVey, Ruth T. (1965) </span><i>The rise of Indonesian communism</i>. <st1:place></st1:place><st1:city>Ithaca</st1:city>, <st1:state>NY</st1:state>: <st1:place></st1:place><st1:placename>Cornell</st1:placename> <st1:placetype>University</st1:placetype> Press.<li class="MsoNormal"><br /></li><span style="font-size:78%;">Tan Malaka. (1991) </span><i>From Jail to Jail</i>. Translation and introduction by Helen Jarvis. <st1:place></st1:place><st1:city>Athens</st1:city>, <st1:state>Ohio</st1:state>: <st1:place></st1:place><st1:placename>Ohio</st1:placename> <st1:placetype>University</st1:placetype> <st1:placetype>Center</st1:placetype> for International Studies Southeast Asia series number 83. 3 volumes. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&amp;isbn=0896801500">ISBN 0-89680-150-0</a>.<li class="MsoNormal"><br /></li><span style="font-size:78%;">Watson, C.W. (2000) </span><i>Of self and nation: autobiography and the representation of modern </i><st1:country-region></st1:country-region><st1:place></st1:place><i>Indonesia</i>. <st1:city></st1:city><st1:place>Honolulu</st1:place>: <st1:place></st1:place><st1:placetype>University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename>Hawai'i</st1:placename> Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=0824822811">ISBN 0-8248-2281-1</a>. 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style="text-align: 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style="text-align: justify;" class="MsoNormal"><span 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style="text-align: justify;"><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font><font></span><font></span></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font></span><font> 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</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><span style="font-family:trebuchet 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/></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32936684-115589688707737485?l=rasus-234.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Sanggar Altar Ciputatnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32936684.post-1155896015891905582006-08-17T22:00:00.000-12:002006-08-17T22:44:22.086-12:00<div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1852/1046/1600/gondrong.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1852/1046/320/gondrong.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">sanggar, 2004</span><br /><br /></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1852/1046/1600/000_2136.0.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1852/1046/320/000_2136.0.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">yogya, 11 sept 2005</span></span><br /><br /></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1852/1046/1600/000_2134.1.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1852/1046/320/000_2134.1.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">yogya, 11 sept 2005</span><br /><br /></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1852/1046/1600/Picture%20078.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1852/1046/320/Picture%20078.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">sanggar, 06 juli 2006</span><br /><br /></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1852/1046/1600/000_4403.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1852/1046/320/000_4403.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;">2005<br /><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32936684-115589601589190558?l=rasus-234.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Sanggar Altar Ciputatnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32936684.post-1155895203913658642006-08-17T21:39:00.000-12:002006-08-17T22:43:50.460-12:00<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1852/1046/1600/07-04small.0.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1852/1046/320/07-04small.0.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">[musik : rock, jazz, blues dan musik yang katanya kontemporer]<br /><br /> [musisi : sujiwo tejo, viki sianipar, harry roesly, uda taufik, steve vai, makyun]<br /><br />[band : dream theather, hellowen, sansae, etc]<br /><br />[novel : para priyayi, ronggeng dukuh paruk, memoar of geisha, jazz parfum &amp; insiden, misteri solitare, etc]<br /><br />[penyair : sutardji, w. s. rendra, hendry yetus]<br /><br />[teaterawan : yudi ahmad tajudin, rendra, arifin c noer, putu wijaya, risfana faisal]<br /><br />[penulis : umar kayam, ahmad tohari, seno gumira]<br /><br />[makanan : apa aja tuh!]<br /><br />[hobi : baca novel, nonton teater, dengerin musik, nonton film.]<br /><br />[film : crash, memoar of gheisha, harry potter, kiamat sudah dekat, tjut nyak dien, last samurai pirate of caribean etc]<br /><br />[aktor : tom hank, jhony dep, russel crow, etc]<br /></span><br /></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32936684-115589520391365864?l=rasus-234.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Sanggar Altar Ciputatnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32936684.post-1155893872817871482006-08-17T21:14:00.000-12:002006-08-17T22:57:19.706-12:00<div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1852/1046/1600/background%201.3.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/1852/1046/400/background%201.2.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;">salam,<br /></span></span></span> <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"></span></span></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 102, 0);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"></span></span></span></div> </div> <span style="color: rgb(255, 204, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family:trebuchet ms;"> tangisan pertamaku memecah, seketika ayah & bundaku memanggil hangat dengan nama purwo sasmito. sejak itu keberadaanku diproklamirkan di dunia ini. perjalanan hidupku dimulai di sebuah daerah di wilayah pamulang, tanggerang, banten. sebuah wilayah yang apabila kita melihat peta berada pas digaris perbatasan antara jakarta dan banten. aku dibesarkan dengan cinta dari seorang ibu dan kewibawaan seorang ayah. waktu akhirnya melumat nama yang pertama kali diberikan ayah &amp; ibuku, akhirnya ipoenk, kini menjadi panggilan resmi untuk kawan-kawanku. meskipun ada juga yang masih memilih memanggilku dengan nama purwo sasmito <span style="font-style: italic;">that's okay.<br /><br /></span> pada bangku sdn bambu apus 2, aku mulai belajar membaca, berhitung dan segala pengetahuan dasar yang konon harus dimiliki oleh manusia modern. selepas sd aku melanjutkan pendidikan pada sebuah sltpn 2 pamulang, sebuah lembar kehidupan yang makin membuat diriku matang sebagai seorang manusia. pendidikan formalku pun berlanjut, dan kini aku terdampar pada smu dharma karya ut di bilangan pondok cabe. kukira telah selesai aku mengunyah pendidikan yang itu-itu saja. ternyata demi mengharumkan nama keluarga, aku akhirnya harus mendamparkan diriku untuk yang kesekian kalinya di sebuah universitas islam negeri jakarta (dulu iain). di sini aku belajar banyak, dan anehnya pelajaran yang kuterima tidak dari bangku kuliah, namun dari jalanan, tepatnya masyarakat. ya, untuk belajar hidup, belajarlah pada masyarakat. melalui media teater, aku belajar mengenali diriku sendiriku, lingkungan keluargaku dan lingkungan sosialku.<br /><br />teater telah mengajakku menjelahi segala ruang dan waktu. peristiwa demi peristiwa menamparku. egoku memberontak, keakuan memuncak, aku terkapar. namun seorang suhu, akhirnya menuntunku untuk mencerna kembali, peristiwa demi peristiwa yang telah ku loncati. menghargai proses, katanya. aku pun mengangguk. media teater, mengajakku bersentuhan dengan dunia sastra, filsafat, dan segala dunia kesenian lainnya. namun menolak jadi seniman, aku hanya penikmat hal-hal indah, seperti intisari seni: indah.......<br /><br />sanggar altar, di tempat inilah aku merasa menemukan siapa aku, dan untuk apa aku ada. aku meruang dan hadir di sana. seperti makna dari nama altar; <span style="font-size:130%;">tidakkah kamu tahu !!!!!!!! </span><br /><br /></span></span></span><div class="blogger-post-footer"><img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/32936684-115589387281787148?l=rasus-234.blogspot.com' alt='' /></div>Sanggar Altar Ciputatnoreply@blogger.com1